What Is Convergent Evolution

Evolution is defined as a change in species over time. There are many processes that can occur to drive evolution including Charles Darwins proposed idea of natural selection and the human-created artificial selection and selective breeding. Some processes produce much quicker results than others, but all lead to speciation and contribute to the diversity of life on Earth. One way species change over time is called convergent evolution. Convergent evolution is when two species, that are not related via a recent common ancestor, become more similar. Most of the time, the reason behind convergent evolution occurring is the build-up of adaptations over time to fill a certain niche. When the same or similar niches are available in different geographical locations, different species will most likely fill that niche. As time passes, the adaptations that make the species successful in that niche in that particular environment add up producing similar favorable traits in very different species. Characteristics Species that are linked through convergent evolution oftentimes look very similar. However, they are not closely related on the tree of life. It just so happens that their roles in their respective environments are very similar and require the same adaptations in order to be successful and reproduce. Over time, only those individuals with favorable adaptations for that niche and environment will survive while the others die off. This newly formed species is well suited to its role and can continue to reproduce and create future generations of offspring. Most cases of convergent evolution occur in very different geographic areas on the Earth. However, the overall climate and environment in those areas are very similar, making it a necessity to have different species that can fill the same niche. That leads those different species to acquire adaptations that create a similar appearance and behavior as the other species. In other words, the two different species have converged, or become more similar, in order to fill those niches. Examples One example of convergent evolution is the Australian sugar glider and the North American flying squirrel. Both look very similar with their small rodent-like body structure and thin membrane that connects their forelimbs to their hind limbs that they use to glide through the air. Even though these species look very similar and are sometimes mistaken for each other, they are not closely related on the evolutionary tree of life. Their adaptations evolved because they were necessary for them to survive in their individual, yet very similar, environments. Another example of convergent evolution is the overall body structure of the shark and the dolphin. A shark is a fish and a dolphin is a mammal. However, their body shape and how they move through the ocean is very similar. This is an example of convergent evolution because they are not related very closely via a recent common ancestor, but they live in similar environments and needed to adapt in similar ways in order to survive in those environments. Plants Plants can also undergo convergent evolution to become more similar. Many desert plants have evolved somewhat of a holding chamber for water inside their structures. Even though the deserts of Africa and those in North America have similar climates, the species of flora there are not closely related on the tree of life. Instead, they have evolved thorns for protection and the holding chambers for water to keep them alive through long periods of no rain in the hot climates. Some desert plants also have evolved the ability to store light during the daytime hours but undergo photosynthesis at night to avoid too much water evaporation. These plants on different continents adapted this way independently and are not closely related by a recent common ancestor.

National Energy Plan Essay - 1338 Words

National Energy Plan  ¡Ã‚ §The balance between energy consumption and the environment have always seemed at odds with one another. Is it possible that the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge could be opened to oil exploration without adverse effects to the environment? I believe it can. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Q.)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What type of National Energy Policy do we have here? A.)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Years of misguided federal and state environmental policies have raised the cost of production, failed to improve our nations aging infrastructure, and dangerously increased Americas dependence on unreliable foreign sources. The result: rising consumer utility bills, rapidly increasing gasoline prices, and rolling blackouts and†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ §America deserves a comprehensive energy plan that will help relieve us of our current reliance on foreign sources of energy, ¡Ã‚ ¨ Cannon said.  ¡Ã‚ §Over the last year, Americans have witnessed the largest blackout in our history and skyrocketing natural gas prices. This bill will help ensure cleaner, more affordable and more reliable energy for Americans today and also for future generations. ¡Ã‚ ¨  ¡Ã‚ §This legislation will not only power our energy security, but it will also add fuel to a recovering economy by creating nearly one million jobs, ¡Ã‚ ¨ Cannon concluded. Q.)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is the cost of having to rely on O.P.E.C.? A.) The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries has a membership of 11 countries. The members of OPEC currently supply more than 40 per cent of the worlds oil and they possess about 78 per cent of the worlds total proven crude oil reserves. Our world economy depends upon petroleum; petroleum, in fact, has shaped the modern world. It has dictated production technologies and methods. It has facilitated the emergence of a worldwide transportation network. It has allowed cites to grow and expand, and determined the spatial landscape of regions. Due to our great need for petroleum, the scope of OPEC ¡Ã‚ ¦s power surpasses our prowess as an economic superpower, considering OPEC regulates the output and the price of oil from their reserves.Show MoreRelatedEmergency Management And Emergency Managers1695 Words   |  7 Pagesand more effective tools against emergency management or even mitigation. 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Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry Free Essays

Relationship between algal cover and water chemistry in rockroses Mad Mukluks Mad Midair ABSTRACT Interstitial Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover. Each pool sample’s water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It is regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012). Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each interstitial matrix (Phenylalanine’s, 2007). High interstitial zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen Taylor, 2001). Interstitial Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses. These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012). According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the location of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Nowhere (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses. The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration. I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature. METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an average depth. The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method. Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity was measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperature The temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings. It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (US) How to cite Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry, Papers Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry Free Essays string(85) " reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment\." Intertribal Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover. Each pool sample’s water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It is regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012). Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each intertribal matrix (Phenylalanine’s, 2007). High intertribal zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen Taylor, 2001). Intertribal Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses. These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012). According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the location of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Northern (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses. The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration. I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature. METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an average depth. The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method. Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. You read "Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry" in category "Papers" Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity was measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperature The temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings. It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (ISIS) Dissolved oxygen (%) 8. 4 28 40. 5 266. 1 2 7. 8 239. 4 3 8. 6 26 37 260. 7 4 7. 7 25 134. 6 5 8. 3 29 185. 1 6 7. 6 50 174. 2 7 7. 5 19 110. 7 Table 2: List of functional algal group calculated in pool samples in percentage (%) with mean value Rockford Crosses Filament Coralline Leathery Bare rock Foliose Algal cover 6. 68 46. 68 29. 32 17. 32 82. 68 34. 68 12 9. 32 56 24 92 37. 32 49. 36 50. 64 6. 7 45. 3 21 . 3 33. 3 66. 7 1. 3 38. 7 Mean 15. 997 16. 95 32. 28 5. 14 28. 56 0. 95 Figure 1: in algal cover (%) against dissolved oxygen (%) shows the p-value is 0. 1865, RE is 0. 3189 and Fl,5 is 2. 4. Based on the shatterproof and RE, we can see that the correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is significantly positive. Figure 2: algal cover (%) against salinity (US) shows that the p-value is 0. 3108, RE is 0. 2026 and Fl is 1. 27. From the shatterproof, it is clearly that there is no significant interaction between the two. The regression equation (RE) is also supports th at no significant correlation. Figure 3: Algal cover (%) with water temperature (co) with p-value of 0. 3703, RE is 0. 1622 and Fl is 0. 97. Based on the regression equation RE, there is no significant interaction between the two. This is also can be seen in the shatterproof above. Figure 4: Algal cover (%) against pH value with p-value 0. 0086, RE is 0. 7776 and Fl is 17. 48. Since RE is close to 1, we can say there is a strong positive correlation between the two. PH value has a stronger correlation compared to other water chemistry properties tested. DISCUSSION From all the correlations done with algal cover (%), it is clear that the correlation between algal cover (%) and pH value has the strongest and positive correlation between the two (see Figure 4). The regression equation also validate the shatterproof RE = 0. 7776). From figure 4, we can concluded that the percentage of algal cover is higher if the water pH value is alkali (pH 7). Two reasons on why algal cover is high; because of the importance of carbon dioxide (CA) in photosynthesis, as it requires carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis and respiration, because CA is product released from photosynthesis. This can be seen a relatively same study that was conducted by Oligarchies (2013) where increased CA in Rockford enhances the metabolism of algae Alva. His findings was expected from him, that higher argental of CA encourages photosynthesis of the algae, which is an important food source for algae to use as energy source (Oligarchies et al, 2013). There is few studies done on pH value having an effect on algal cover in rockroses. Our initial hypothesis of where dissolved oxygen having a profound effect on algal cover is no longer accepted because regression equation is low (RE = 0. 3189) and the shatterproof supports it in figure 1, therefore the correlation is weak. In table 1, the percentage of dissolved oxygen is incredibly high (mean average = 195. 2%), where the water is in a indention called hyperemia, but the total algal cover was low. However, Noel et al (2010) shows that supersaturated level of oxygen constrain photosynthesis for primary production and therefore, the rate decreases. Little is known why high dissolved oxygen has no profound effect on algal growth, since most study is focused on the effect of oxygen to intert ribal fishes and crustaceans, where Berkshire et al (1987) and McAllen Taylor (2001) studied. The role of water temperature affecting total algal cover has no significant correlation between the two (Figure 3). The regression value is significantly low (RE = 0. 22). Based on the data obtained, temperature has no effect to total algal cover. This could because the water temperature is always constant, as it increasing in a slow rate when there is a presence of sunlight, and the temperature can drop rapidly when high tide approaches to recycle the water trapped in rockroses (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, temperature might have an impact on total algal cover if experiment was done longer, especially on cold and warm seasons. Jackson et al (2013) stated that the temperature of the rockroses during warm season would increase the stress level in he rockroses compared to colder season. The effect of salinity (us) to total algal cover has small effect because it has weak correlation as seen in figure 2 (RE – 0. 2026). There are many study done between salinity and Rockford fishes and crustaceans, but there is no sufficient study on the effects to algal cover. Of all the functional algal cover we observed and classified in Table 2, most of the pool sample has high percentage of coralline algae (mean = 32. 28%) and one of the most well studied algal group living in rockroses. Coralline algae (Chronological) is often found t the edges of rockroses and it is the most dominant group of algae, which has tremendous roles in shallow waters in term of biologically and ecologically (Selenologist et al, 2013; Noisiest et al, 2013; Gunter Marten, 2014). According to a study done by Gunter Marten (2014), coralline algae are able to tolerate extreme water condition, especially temperature and light. From all the data and results, the initial hypothesis of pH value and dissolved oxygen having a strong correlation is half accepted, since dissolved oxygen is has an insignificant correlation with coral cover. For the hypothesis of negative correlation that was tested on Rockford salinity and temperature is accepted. Even though the experiment went well, the data obtained from this is still inadequate. For instance, only 7 pool sample is used, where the normality of data is not meet. The study period is also affecting the data, since monitoring fluctuations of water chemistry composition varied rapidly. Recommendations for increasing the quality of experiment is having a longer study period. This can obtained more accurate data from more pool sample. How to cite Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry, Papers

Case Study JB Hi-Fi Limited Strategic Financial Analysis

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Financial Analysisfor JB Hi-Fi Limited. Answer: Business Description JB Hi-Fi Limited is one of the specialty discount retailer for branded home entertainment products. These particular Group products focus on consumer electronics, software as well as electronic goods such as music, games and movies (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). JB Hi-Fi Limited operates from stand-alone destination sites as well as shopping centre locations in and around online stores especially in Australia and New Zealand. Financial Summary Years NPAT EPS EPS (%) PER DPS Yield (%) Franking (%) 2016 152.8 154.4 11.1% 13.2 100.0 4.9% 100% 2017 196.8 172.7 11.8% 17.2 112.3 3.8% 100% 2018 212.2 186.3 7.9% 16.0 121.1 4.1% 100% Current Price Data Current Price $27.650 Open $28.690 High $28.830 Low $27.510 Last Close $29.080 Volume 714553 Price Movement $1.42 ( 4.92%) Financial Analyst Recommendations Recommendation Holding the shares of JB Hi-Fi Limited Updated Date 21st of October 2016 Surveyed Brokers 4 From the above figures, it has been noticed that averse investors should hold the shares of JB Hi-Fi Limited (Vogel 2014). If price movement and volume are directly related, then purchase will be favorable in comparison with other related factors. Therefore, price movement and current price shows negative figures as per the volume generated as on October 2016. The major reason why these investors should hold the shares of JB Hi-Fi Limited (Jbhifi.com.au 2016) Hold is the Financial Analysts recommendations that reveal to neither buy nor sell the security (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). JB Hi-Fi with hold recommendation will be expected in performing with market or at the same pace in comparison with other companies. In other words, rating is better in making sell but worse than buy revealing investors with existing long positions should not sell. It is investors without a position should make purchase in any case (Swayne, Duncan and Ginter 2012). Hold Strategies made by the financial analyst are investment recommendations as undertaken by financial institutions as well as other professional financial analysts. Holding is denoted under public traded equities. These stocks have either a buy or sell or holding recommendations (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). Most of the time single stock poses more conflicting recommendations for various institutions. In these cases, it is vital for the investors decide upon giving accurate solution during specific situations. On the other hand, in case investors do not own shares of related equity then they should wait for purchasing until future volatility for making it clear as far as possible (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). In the particular scenario, financial analysts decide in holding the shares of JB Hi-Fi Limited gaining given options. In case the investors own shares of the stock, they should hold or performs for short medium as well as long-term (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014) Hold Strategy Most of the potential investors hold upon conducting a situation where an equity security purchases with common understanding of holding for long-term (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). It defines long-term plans depending upon specific investors by people who enter into maintaining holding strategy for owing stock for more than 5 years for the company JB Hi-Fi Limited (Healy and Palepu 2012). This particular holding strategy for the averse investors forces them in sticking with investments from market retractions as well as recessions in volatility situations of JB Hi-Fi Limited. Benefits of Holding In this particular scenario, investors are advisable in holding the stock for effective initiation for long position in equity. Investors holding stock for long period will be benefiting from quarterly dividends as well as potential price appreciation for specified time (Grant 2016). This share of JB Hi-Fi Limited gives hold recommendations as well as remains flat as it pays dividends for investors in gaining profit. Hold Position is not a bad recommendation as even stocks denotes hold as an appreciated price for specified time (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). Risks of Holding There is always risk prevailing for investors for holding a stock (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). These long positions for given equity. Investors holding stock remains susceptible for market volatility as well as decline in share prices. Investors predict macroeconomic or macroeconomic downturn for holding stock as leading financial institutions recommend it. In other words, if a price of the stock declines, investors lose lot of money (Berman and Evans 2013). Testing Skills with Trading Challenges Holding is a passive investment strategy whereby investors purchase stock as well as holds them for long period keeping in consideration various market fluctuations (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). If a particular investors, employs buy and hold strategy for active participation for selecting stock and concerned majorly with short-term price movement as well as technical indicators. Conventional investing wisdom means long time horizon for understanding the equities rendering higher return in comparison with other assets classes like bonds (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). In other words, there has been always an argument on whether involving in buy and hold strategy for actually involving in superior to active investing strategy. It has been noticed that both the sides poses valid arguments for gaining understanding for buy and hold strategy for tax benefits. This is for the reason long-term investments tending for remaining taxed at lower rates in comparison with short-term investments (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). Ownership Commitment In purchasing shares of common stock, taking ownership of JB Hi-Fi Limited will be beneficial in the most appropriate way. In other words, ownership has privileges for involving in gaining voting rights as well as stake in corporate profits for JB Hi-Fi Limited (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). Shareholders functions more like a direct decision-makers for taking voting rights for holding shares. Shareholders mostly vote in case of critical issues like mergers and acquisitions for electing Directors Board (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). Most of the activist investors gaining substantial holdings considers under influence for management for gaining help for representing under Board (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). It helps in recognizing change for taking time as committed by shareholders for adopting buy and hold strategies. It means treating ownership for short-term vehicle especially for profit for retention of shares in case of JB Hi-Fi Limited. Buying and holding investors retains shares with the help of bull market and bear markets (Jbhifi.com.au 2016). In this case, equity owner bears upon undertaking risk of failure or gaining supreme reward of substantial appreciation. Reference List Berman, B.R. and Evans, J.R., 2013. Retail management: a strategic approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Grant, R.M., 2016. Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012. Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012. Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Jbhifi.com.au. (2016).JB Hi-Fi | Australias Largest Home Entertainment Retailer. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Oct. 2016]. Swayne, L.E., Duncan, W.J. and Ginter, P.M., 2012. Strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley Sons. Vogel, H.L., 2014. Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press.

Life In Mexico Essays - Identity, Fanny Hill, Adolescence

Life In Mexico In her many letters, and through her journals, Fanny Calderon de la Barca has left us a very informative eyewitness account of nineteenth century Mexico. Although these writings can be very useful in studying this period of time, it is important to note some of the factors that may have affected what she wrote. Fanny Calderon de la Barca's own social identity was one of the factors that had the most profound impact on her writings and observations. It is because of this social identity that her writings can be used advantageously as a source for social history...However, it is the same social identity that will help alter and be disadvantageous to using her work as a source for social history. Through examples of her writing this paper will argue these merits and show how this work can and can not be used as a source for social history. It is important to understand Fanny de la Barca's social identity, in order to help clarify the pros and con's of her work. She was the fifth child of ten born. Her father was well to do landowner, as well as a legal writer in Scotland. Her mother was related to the Earl of Buchan, in addition to other noble Scottish families (pg.5). She was very well educated as a child. She did see and face some adversity growing up. This adversity and experiences help to shape her social identity, and her as a person. Her family went bankrupt, they were forced to move, soon after her father passed away. Her family moved to Boston where the remaining family members, her included, started a school. The school was temporarily successful and then closed due to a mishap. The family then moved yet again to Staten Island. Her childhood was filled with ups and downs. Throughout it all she maintained a positive attitude and grew as a result. It is obvious that losing a loved, especially one as close as a parent will have a profound impact on a person. Seeing her family go bankrupt and having to move many times has showed Fanny that anything can happen at anytime, even if your are financially secure. Experiencing these ups and downs in her family life helped to open her eyes to the trials and tribulations of others. This is apparent in her writing. She was able to understand better and sympathize with the people she would come in contact with. The moving around probably made her later travelling life much easier to become accustomed to. She never really settled anyplace for an extended period of time. Although Fanny was an outside observer, she was able to work objectively on the many things she saw and people she met. However, because of the time period she some times couldn't write exactly what she wanted to, especially when it came to certain government issues. Due to her husband's respected position in society she was able to meet many important people, generals and leaders. They were received and treated with respect just about everywhere. Sometimes even with a twenty-one gun salute, like the one from the Jason. She was able to make observations of what she saw as they traveled from place to place. This treatment had its own impact on her writing. Although she noted some of the negative things that she saw, such as the smoke blackened buildings on the way to Vera Cruz, etc., she and her husband almost always stayed in a nice and comfortable place or house. This kept her from witnessing and experiencing some of the problems firsthand. Also a lot of the information she gathered was from generals and governors, people such as Santa Anna. These were not true firsthand accounts from peasants and other lower class families. For this reason her information may have been biased. She was really analyzing the opinions of higher ups, and may have received tainted information, or limited access, in certain situations. An example would have been Mexico's breaking from Spain, the revolution and how it happened. Her own childhood experiences may have helped her in using her own insight on certain topics. This helped her form opinions where she may have been sheltered from certain information. This also could have adversely biased her writings. It is important to consider that these are Fanny's observations and opinions, and are affected by her, and the experiences in her life. It is my opinion that although she had seen and faced some adversity in life, Fanny basically led

The crucible role of abigail in the play Essays

The crucible role of abigail in the play Essays The crucible role of abigail in the play Paper The crucible role of abigail in the play Paper What is the role of Abigail Williams in the play The Crucible and to what extent did she cause what happened in Salem? As an actor or director what qualities to you consider important for this role? The Crucible is a play written by Aruthur Miller as an historical allegory for the 1950s communist witch hunt in America. However, The Crucible is mainly a play which allows the reader to see deeply into the human condition, the good and the bad and makes the reader think about loyalty, their own and the loyalty of others as they continue through the play. Throughout the play we see many sides of Abigails character which changes and develops as the situation in Salem does. In the play Abigail is evidently the villian; lying and manipulating her friends and other people in the village. Abigail plays one of the most important parts in the Crucible. She is a catalyst and a protagonist fuelling the fire, and starting many of the accusations in Salem. Abigail is first introduced as seventeen and strikingly beautiful, she is also decribed as an orphan which makes us initially feel sorry for her. Also from her description we assume she has good intentions. This stereotype is confirmed when she tells Parris, on page seven, that she did dance and that he should tell the town she confessed it. This is partially so that she would not get into any more trouble but also to stop the talk of witchcraft in the town, therefore meanning she began with good intentions. The fact that she did begin with good intentions gives the reader an idea that she did not intend to let the happenings in Salem get that far. During the play she sees an oppurtunity to further her station in the society of the time and to take revenge on the one person who is keeping her from the man she loves: John Proctor. Throughout the play Abigail shows one pure emotion which is love. I think that she truly believes John loves her as she is convinced hell love her yet as he knows her. She also feels quite vunerable as she saw Indians smash her parents heads and cannot believe that the man she loves has used her. Also one can argue that a corrupt society breeds corruption and this is so in the case of Salem. Compaired to some of the other so called role models in Salem, Abbie is not particularly corrupt. In some aspects Abigail is rebelling against a corrupt society, combatting modesty with running naked running through the trees and the working ethic by dancing in the forest. Miller has filled Salem with corrupt people. Ironically, the most corrupt soul is infact Parris the reverend of Salem a popous, proud man. He appears to only care about his repuation, and repeates my ministry to Abigail showing that he does not care for his job only his position. Also the Putnams, both twisted, greedy souls who in the play accused people so that they may buy their land. It seems that even though Abigail sent people to her deaths she did so in the name of love; not for pride or money. This is ironic as Miller shocks the audience by his use of twisted unrequited love and how far a person would go to try to be with the one they love. However, Abigail definatly sees a weakness in the society and exploits them as she slowly manipulates and gains control of the town for a time before she decided to run off to avoid a punsihment. During the course of the play, she sentences 17 people to their deaths where she could have confessed that she was lying, rather than reap a whores vengence on Elizabeth, John and the rest of the town. Abigail is menecing and spiteful, this means she showed no remorse toward the dead, but rather run away. We can see this towards her treatment of the girls. She uses the hysteria of the witchcraft they did to manipulate the girls as they are scared of her pointy reckoning and the fact that witchcraft is a hanging offense as in Salem society it is going against the thing they all believe they live for, their God. Abigail manipulates the questions asked to her by Hale and turns them to her own advantage to avoid being accused herself. When hale accuses her of witchcraft she blames Tituba, the black slave, saying she hears her singing her barbados songs. However when she decided she wants the spotlight back on her again she takes control of the situation again, this is key after Tituba confesses to working with the devil. Being a good christian, the main ideal of Salems society, Hale forgives her in the name of the lord and she starts to name witches. Abbie who is afraid takes control again so she cannot be named herself. She puts herself on a pedestal so that she can be in control of a life that would have been set for her otherwise. She becomes so powerful that Mary Warren cannot charge murder on her because Mary is afraid that Abigail will kill her. During court she changes the subject to suit her motives. This allows the judges to see only what she wants them to see. On page 87, at court when she believes she is being mistrusted she turns the arument around and acts as a victim. This shows great disrespect for the people she has sentenced to their deaths. She also changes the subject and refuses to answer questions regarding John, shouting that she will not have such looks and turns to leave when she is accused. To sentence many people to their deaths and create lies and deceit Abigail causes a great extent of what happens in the town of Salem using the lies and gossip in the town to her own advantage. Abigail has many different qualities throughout the play. I think the most important qualities is her outward appearance. The most noticable aspect of her outward appearance are her strikingly beautiful looks. If it wasnt for these John Proctor wouldnt have thought of her softly therefore her idea that John loved her would not have put her in so much trouble. Also her looks made her resent the corrupted society of Salem, mainly because of the way the men of the town treat her. We see this especially in the film, where she is wolf whistled at on the way to the Putnams house. She also appears to look innocent throughout the film and hides her feelings well. This enables her to lie convincingly to everyone in the village. We associate angels with being beautiful like Abigail, this strengthens the idea that she is infact with God instead of doing the devils witch. Abaigail also has the ability to be a convincing and manupulating. This is the other key quality to performing this role. She is convincingly threatening when she talks to the girls. This is her first main outburst, scaring the girls with a pointy reckoning. This fear she instilled allows her to control the girls. She also controlles Danforth outside the courtroom with a similar technique telling him to beware, realising what she has said she quickly changes the subject. However I believe that Danforth was very aware of Abigails power after that. Crutially Abigail has to be convincing in the courtroom or she would not have had such power of the town. This is crucial to the whole plot. If nobody had believed her then the plot would have taken a completely different turn; stopping the allegory as Miller had intended. There was many separate causes to what happened in Salem in the crucible. Many people believe it was completely Abigails fault. They are partially right due to the fact on the first few nights of her being in charge thirty-nine women were accused. But the question still stands to what extent of her fault was it. Abigail confessed to dancing and pleaded Paris to allow her to in the beginning. However this has to be weighed against her plotting and manipulating of the town which came to her at her beckon call. Also other characters in the town used the hysteria to their own advantages, for things like land. I believe that Abigail was mostly to blame, however she did not start the mess that happened, however acted at a catalyst, quickening the pace of the accusations and excecutions which eventually lead to the hanging of John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse, two fairly upright names in the town. Her acting as a catalyst also lead to the power of theocracy breaking and good names being soiled because of her childish lust.

Leading in a changing world Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leading in a changing world - Coursework Example The team members are better involved as they own the entire process through their contributed views which are discussed and agreed to do. A team creates an environment in which each member can positively contribute more to solving problems and decision making. A team can be a very rich forum to identify talent and or weaknesses of participants. In a very positive way can help create synergies based on strengths and weaknesses of individual members. For a team to fulfil the primary role it is formed in improving organisational effectiveness, it is imperative that the teams are developed into working units that are oriented towards a set goal, mission or the reason for its existence. From an adaptation in Coventry University Journals, a team is formed through five major stages; forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning or mourning. Forming is the primary stage in which members are meeting for the first time. They are characterised by politeness, positivity and impartiality; some might be very excited about their expectation. There could be some negative forces though like anxiety, unwillingness to fully participate, and some members might be very careful treading on some sensitive issues held by one. This is brought about by the perceived weakness not to give the whole ability to the intended purpose for the team. Storming is the second stage in the team formation in which the reality for the team formation dawns to the members. The roles are clarified for each member and how the team will work is clarified. The process might create or result in conflict as members confront each other as some might be uncomfortable with the perceived workload to be performed, and the approach used. What happens at point might either strengthen a team or break it as others feel that they are overburdened while others have less to do. The conflict and perceived inequity will cause some members to opt out of some roles or withdraw membership from the team. The third stag e is norming. The team, at this stage, settles on and starts respecting the team hierarchy, nominated officials and role heads. Specific skills are developed to facilitate the performance of the roles of each member of the team. Systems and procedures are developed by which challenges, tasks, and feedback will be performed, tackled and processed. At this stage, socialisation is enhanced and members will begin to help each other and constructively criticize one another. Stronger commitment to the team’s goals is developed, and progress is made towards achieving is made. At the performing stage, team’s hard work leads to substantial and tangible progress is made in achieving the vision with a solid structure in place which means that a team member can leave or join without affecting the activities of the team. The team leader, after delegating roles, can concentrate on observing and assisting where necessary individual members of the team who have issues. Closeness and c ooperation achieved thus far will entrench support to one another, foster trust, sharing of ideas and better way to tolerate one another. All goals are achieved at this stage. The last stage is what is referred to as adjourning or mourning. The team is disbanded at this stage after completing its role and achievements can be celebrated at this stage. Preliminaries can be set to for future